The higher data rates through the new I / O, such as HDMI, SATA, DisplayPort, MIPI and engineers are needed studying ways to reduce the ability of electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection devices. Manufacturer, but are willing to a higher level through finer process geometries offer are vulnerable to attack by EDS.EDS is now struggling with traditional architectures to ensure adequate protection and support the desired speeds, the design community before a big dilemma. As a result, engineers are forced to difficult trade-offs between reliability and quality of the signal, which threatens an element of the overall system performance. Chip design that can meet the new demands for both higher throughput and better ESD protection has become a difficult task for manufacturers.
The development of the ESD protection
The landscape of the ESD protection has undergone a dramatic change with the acquisition of producing smaller geometries, the lined and the protection of the changing environment of the application:
Small geometries: What process node semiconductors for advanced nowadays integrated circuits (ASICs) and 90 nm fell below the level of voltage and power outages occur that discharge also produce lower. Interfaces widespread adoption of high-speed data increases the complexity of maintaining signal integrity and maintaining an adequate level of ESD protection. Robust ESD protection usually means higher capacity, which threaten to adversely affect the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), forcing developers to one or the other.
Reduces chip protection: ESD damage sensitivity was well known. For example, the Industry Council on ESD Targets recently announced an initiative to reduce the level of standard on-chip ESD protection, so that the external ESD protection circuits against the more critical for system reliability.
Changes in the application environment: laptops, cell phones, MP3 players, digital cameras and other portable consumer devices to be used in uncontrolled environments (ie, without the use of adhesive tape to the ground strap or polished driver / tops). In these environments, user I / O connector pins when connecting / disconnecting cables. Portable device also charge can accumulate during normal use and then discharged when power to another device, such as for example, connected to a computer or a television.
Equalization impedance
A matched impedance of the total transmission line is a critical factor in the drawings, a high speed. The characteristic impedance is affected by many factors, including the line width, the thickness of the dielectric plate, sheet materials, and components of the traces.
The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the square root of L / C, where L is the inductance and C is the capacitance, the. Therefore, if the additional capacity to a point, then the impedance is reduced at this point. Conversely, when the inductance is added to increase the impedance. The inclusion of an ESD protection circuit is due to its own ability to influence the impedance of the line. Consequently, it must be compensated by an impedance matching.
Although the main goal of an optimized design matches the impedance of the line, is entitled to 100 Ω ± 15% in the HDMI standard. Each guard added to. The line when a diode varistor suppressor or polymer inserts, the ability to not only from the device itself, but also the connection points of the printed circuit board unit (PCB)
Increased capacity and distorts the signal of poor quality video and even failure of the compliance test result. Therefore, the ESD protection vendors have concentrated on reducing the capacity of their plants. However, as already mentioned, this negative impact on the performance of the ESD protection. For example, the capacitance of the diode can be reduced by reducing its size. This may lead to increase the resistance, but this will result in a higher voltage and leakage current terminal to reach the protected device.
Compensation techniques
In order to compensate for the additional protection device performance, system designers often try to reduce the capacity elsewhere on the board, or add an additional inductance. Compensation techniques typically include:
• Adding a common mode choke or filter: The inductance of a coil can compensate additional capacity ESD device. Unfortunately, the high speed Common Mode Inductors design can be very costly and should be avoided.
• Reducing the width of the track in the protection (increased inductance trace): Often referred to as "trace necking", this technique can be very effective if only small amounts of compensation are required, however, a restriction thin dielectric. occurs and the capacity of the ESD protection device is too high, it may be difficult to achieve a suitable impedance.
• Reduce trace capacitance: This can by removing the lower ground plane and reduce the possibility of plot done in the field of ESD.
Although each of these techniques has been successful at best suboptimal due to the additional complexity of the design and cost. You need good design and control of manufacturing processes and environments, the use of expensive external components (such as common mode chokes) or complex PCBs increased total bill. Another drawback is that many engineers do not have enough experience in the design of controlled impedance layout. This lack of experience often leads to errors in design and development costs and snowballs as schedule multiple grafts and checkerboard design and production. Finally, many large manufacturers favor with several suppliers of PCBs that make it difficult to handle a unique design that makes making works with all providers.
A new approach
Given the significant shortcomings of these compensatory techniques to investigate further semiconductor manufacturers for innovative architectures to ensure the integrity, even at high data rates required by the industry today. And they do this without the possibility of ESD protection element is of paramount importance in doubt.
One example is the architecture PicoGuard XS. According to the developers, ON Semiconductor, the integrity of the interface data signals defend at a high speed while improving the ESD protection. This eliminates the parasites, routing and tracking on the package, instead of the bottom. We reject any compensation from the integration of external inductors with the ESD diode, corresponding to the impedance of the signal line. Inductors integrated ESD to improve performance by reducing the voltage and residual current seen blocking the ASIC.
Standard packaging structure allows the soil around the lower part of the body (Fig. 1). That is, the wire bond pads of the die is still very long, which. An adjustment of the inductance So the motherboard manufacturer does not need to make a compensation method. In addition, with respect to the dynamic resistance (RDYN) surpass using product architecture PicoGuard XS other traditional flow through parts that says protecting high speed differential data lines ON Semiconductor.
The architecture eliminates the need to change or inductances wide traces on the board. Also not on the stacked card, the system designer with multiple providers, configure without an impedance table for each supplier to make depend. Capable of an impedance is independent of the number of layers of the circuit board game, the thickness of the dielectric, and other variables provide specific design.
Here Comes The Science Bit
ESD protection device for an inductor standard provides the parasitic inductance of the wire and the conductor paths leading to the protective device (Figure 2). The inductive element has a high impedance high impact ESD download speed, which limits the ability of the guard to quickly absorb energy. As a result, more energy reaches the protected ASIC.
In contrast, the inductive elements of the architecture PicoGuard XS series with the conduction path for the protection ASIC (Fig. 3). What actually limiting current and voltage of the device deprotection. Firstly, the inductive reactance is L1 connector holding an electrostatic discharge. It acts in the opposite direction of the current ESD, helps to limit the peak voltage type. The inductive reactance in L2 firepower pull side ASIC ESD current limited then by ESD protection diodes. The same time the voltage drop across the two elements in series to reduce the voltage in the ASIC parameters as protected.
Completion
The next generation of electronic devices that support data transfer marry at high speed with high signal integrity and chain of custody of electrostatic discharge. This requires a fundamental change in the design of ESD protection, because now is the point where the borders of traditional techniques capacitance compensation are too large, achieved. It was the advent of advanced architectures, requires the signal integrity for high-speed interfaces and provides ESD protection required for reliable operation possible.
Results to Stimulate Self-help 20 Minutes of Exercise a Day
Thursday, January 17, 2013
Increasing requirements for ESD protective breathing innovative architecture Strategies
Wednesday, January 16, 2013
Results to Stimulate Self-help 20 Minutes of Exercise a Day
. "We are what we repeatedly do excellence then is not an act, but a habit." - Aristotle
Since I am old enough to understand a few things about the world, the law of cause and effect and reward punishment, I already knew how to better.
When I. Not an "A" in my test article, and I thought I needed to improve in order to achieve better performance
If I wanted to get a toy, either I had to convince my parents about why I deserved. That was the golden rule I grew up as an adult.
You only get something if they tried, and only if it improves. This is true for many of us, regardless of age or condition, we are in the present.
This does not mean that the world is a brainwashed us with a system of incentives and threats has.
Instead, it is a reality that we must accept if we are to try that for us, we will never change our bad habits.
In a world where we are bombarded with technical improvements, we feel overwhelmed us and even ask if it was time for them.
However, there are three basic exercises, the implementation and not even an hour of the day can.
I hope that these simple exercises you can change to a good start for the better in 2013.
Relaxation (10 minutes per day)
An article from the University of Maryland Medical Center mentioned how relaxation techniques can help you cope with stress and promote the long-term health by lowering the body and the mind calm.
These exercises help to concentrate the mind and body consciousness and connects the body and mind. This leads to a greater willingness to improve themselves.
One such technique is the breathing. Anyone can do it anywhere. As a daily ritual reflection, the preferred environment is private and quiet, to avoid distractions.
"Put one hand on your chest and the other in the abdomen. Take a deep breath slowly and deeply, inhaling as much air as possible. As you do this, you can do that, your stomach should be pressed against your hand. Hold your breath and then exhale slowly "- relaxation techniques, the University of Maryland Medical Center.
I used this technique, of all places, while I was preaching at a church. The priest used the method before preaching his parish.
What I learned from this experience is that my spirit soar and to remove all doubts. I always do when I feel stressed or when you can not sleep.
Reflection (10 minutes per day)
Reflection or meditation has started to become a popular way to restore the balance to be in life. Although there have been associated with religious practices, but it is also known to have psychological benefits.
Groups of Alcoholics Anonymous and other support continue to exercise personal moral inventory of their resentments and character flaws to achieve personal change.
Allen McConnell, a professor at the University of Miami, wrote in Psychology Today, our ability to increase our objectives, we have to be self-experience in a position to see where we need from our current performance and our ideals.
Recommended Interestingly, one of the gurus in my life, Stephen Covey, and a way of thinking as an effective way to get the best results from their books. Defend, as he did the usual eight, read his books like "The annual growth and personal development."
Usually you can begin the reflection, a book to use his personal notes on the map or dreams / long-term goals. As they take a break and ask yourself:
While reading a book (per day): reflect on specific areas that you have to read and see what is relevant to you. See how this connects with their goals.
When considering personal notes (daily as monotherapy or in combination with a book) to reflect what they have done. (For the day or for the week) and how it connects to the realization of its goals To be more precise about what you are going to do for the day in order to achieve this goal and connect with your weekly goals or to-do list.
If you look on your card or your dream to look at long-term goals (weekly), and determine the specific area you are. During the week and specific actions that have been done so far and what can be done, work to achieve Make a list of things to do this week.
Re-Telling (20 minutes, once a week)
This is preferably done once a week and can replace the thought process.
In the manifesto, the confidence of the people I wrote the reasons you express and share their improvement process with a trusted friend or have a family member:
Humor: You can find an explanation you get, and make sure you are on the right track.
Accountability: You nailed your account their goals and then go to a push to get what to do and not get lost in laziness or procrastination.
You need a good support system, if you really want to take your serious face.
Not everyone can go one step further and get organized. There are three things you need to consider when looking for a good media
Reliability: trust you know and believe sincerely wants emotional support.
Empathy: someone who worked a level of experience in the same number to tell you, or at least in a project of self-improvement.
A method for assembling: it is necessary to determine how the follow-up session (online or face to face). This should not be a formal context. It can be done with a cup of coffee, a conversation in the park or a call via Skype.
The plan
Make at least a daily exercise, if at all. Usually within a week I would be six days of reflection and relaxation and history someday.
It does not take much time to do it, but will give you a wide range of personal change. Of course, these exercises serve only the first part of the plan. It is necessary to implement its resolutions and things to do at work.
This exercise serves as a reinforcement for their own improvement plan because it predisposes to improved performance and keep your goals.
Are you ready to dive into a real change? What exercises do you have now? What you seem to be a challenge?
Technical Practice Tips to Fight Against Stress
Since I am old enough to understand a few things about the world, the law of cause and effect and reward punishment, I already knew how to better.
When I. Not an "A" in my test article, and I thought I needed to improve in order to achieve better performance
If I wanted to get a toy, either I had to convince my parents about why I deserved. That was the golden rule I grew up as an adult.
You only get something if they tried, and only if it improves. This is true for many of us, regardless of age or condition, we are in the present.
This does not mean that the world is a brainwashed us with a system of incentives and threats has.
Instead, it is a reality that we must accept if we are to try that for us, we will never change our bad habits.
In a world where we are bombarded with technical improvements, we feel overwhelmed us and even ask if it was time for them.
However, there are three basic exercises, the implementation and not even an hour of the day can.
I hope that these simple exercises you can change to a good start for the better in 2013.
Relaxation (10 minutes per day)
An article from the University of Maryland Medical Center mentioned how relaxation techniques can help you cope with stress and promote the long-term health by lowering the body and the mind calm.
These exercises help to concentrate the mind and body consciousness and connects the body and mind. This leads to a greater willingness to improve themselves.
One such technique is the breathing. Anyone can do it anywhere. As a daily ritual reflection, the preferred environment is private and quiet, to avoid distractions.
"Put one hand on your chest and the other in the abdomen. Take a deep breath slowly and deeply, inhaling as much air as possible. As you do this, you can do that, your stomach should be pressed against your hand. Hold your breath and then exhale slowly "- relaxation techniques, the University of Maryland Medical Center.
I used this technique, of all places, while I was preaching at a church. The priest used the method before preaching his parish.
What I learned from this experience is that my spirit soar and to remove all doubts. I always do when I feel stressed or when you can not sleep.
Reflection (10 minutes per day)
Reflection or meditation has started to become a popular way to restore the balance to be in life. Although there have been associated with religious practices, but it is also known to have psychological benefits.
Groups of Alcoholics Anonymous and other support continue to exercise personal moral inventory of their resentments and character flaws to achieve personal change.
Allen McConnell, a professor at the University of Miami, wrote in Psychology Today, our ability to increase our objectives, we have to be self-experience in a position to see where we need from our current performance and our ideals.
Recommended Interestingly, one of the gurus in my life, Stephen Covey, and a way of thinking as an effective way to get the best results from their books. Defend, as he did the usual eight, read his books like "The annual growth and personal development."
Usually you can begin the reflection, a book to use his personal notes on the map or dreams / long-term goals. As they take a break and ask yourself:
While reading a book (per day): reflect on specific areas that you have to read and see what is relevant to you. See how this connects with their goals.
When considering personal notes (daily as monotherapy or in combination with a book) to reflect what they have done. (For the day or for the week) and how it connects to the realization of its goals To be more precise about what you are going to do for the day in order to achieve this goal and connect with your weekly goals or to-do list.
If you look on your card or your dream to look at long-term goals (weekly), and determine the specific area you are. During the week and specific actions that have been done so far and what can be done, work to achieve Make a list of things to do this week.
Re-Telling (20 minutes, once a week)
This is preferably done once a week and can replace the thought process.
In the manifesto, the confidence of the people I wrote the reasons you express and share their improvement process with a trusted friend or have a family member:
Humor: You can find an explanation you get, and make sure you are on the right track.
Accountability: You nailed your account their goals and then go to a push to get what to do and not get lost in laziness or procrastination.
You need a good support system, if you really want to take your serious face.
Not everyone can go one step further and get organized. There are three things you need to consider when looking for a good media
Reliability: trust you know and believe sincerely wants emotional support.
Empathy: someone who worked a level of experience in the same number to tell you, or at least in a project of self-improvement.
A method for assembling: it is necessary to determine how the follow-up session (online or face to face). This should not be a formal context. It can be done with a cup of coffee, a conversation in the park or a call via Skype.
The plan
Make at least a daily exercise, if at all. Usually within a week I would be six days of reflection and relaxation and history someday.
It does not take much time to do it, but will give you a wide range of personal change. Of course, these exercises serve only the first part of the plan. It is necessary to implement its resolutions and things to do at work.
This exercise serves as a reinforcement for their own improvement plan because it predisposes to improved performance and keep your goals.
Are you ready to dive into a real change? What exercises do you have now? What you seem to be a challenge?
Technical Practice Tips to Fight Against Stress
Monday, January 14, 2013
Technical Practice Tips to Fight Against Stress
If you are under stress your muscles are tense, the heart beats faster, breathing becomes rapid and shallow, and your brain is awake. In small doses, stress can harm the performance in situations such as sports or work, but if excessive or prolonged, your health. You can also feel anxious, tired, unable to concentrate, or irritable, sad or depressed. Stress tends to increase when the normal stresses of life is too much for you, or by an upsetting event, such as a duel trigger.
Technical Practice
This deep breathing exercise helps to calm the body and mind. Deep breathing with your diaphragm and abdominal muscles is the basis for most methods of relaxation. Find a place where you will not be disturbed, take the receiver off the hook and / or turn off your phone and these exercises for 10-20 minutes every day to practice.
* Wear loose clothing and sit or lie in a comfortable position. Then Place one of your hand on your chest and the other on your stomach. Breathe in slowly through your nose, hold your breath for a moment, then slowly exhale. Try breathing with abdominal muscles to move the bottom rather than the top.
* Once you know that you are breathing from the belly, put your hands just below the ribs and hands feel like your belly up and down. If you feel more relaxed, let your hands at your sides and enjoy the relaxation.
What you can do
People react differently to stress depending on their personality and the support they have around them. Although you can not always control the events in your life difficult, you can see how you react to daily stress and learn to avoid some of them.
* Get enough sleep, if you're tired, you are more stressed are.
* Eat regularly to keep your energy levels stable throughout the day. Do not miss breakfast. Includes fruit, cereal, bread, pasta and rice in their diets. Cut up foods such as cheese, eggs, red meat and butter are high in fat. Reduce sugar and salt.
* Reduce the intake of caffeine or cut in order to limit your intake of coffee, tea, cola and chocolate.
* Exercise regularly, especially if you have a sedentary job. The exercise produces "feel good" chemicals in the brain that increase your sense of well-being. Try 15-30 minutes of brisk walking or swimming or cycling.
* Establish a regular time each day specifically for relaxation: do not wait until you feel exhausted. Normal Take a walk, try to listen to Your Preferred music, or try meditation or yoga.
* Imagine a place where you feel warm, comfortable and relaxed, as if we were on a sunny beach. Try to imagine all the sounds, smells or colors, smells and sensations.
Practicing breathing exercises and directed *, that can be used when you feel tense (see technical practice)
* If you are in the middle of a stressful situation, try to have a couple of minutes. Go for a brisk walk or sit in a quiet place to relax.
* If your muscles are tense, try to relax (see technical practice).
* Try to control self-criticism. To counteract this, remember your strengths and successes he has had in the past.
* Do not remove their worries, but usually share their problems with their family and friends.
* Not to short-term "fix" to try alcohol or illegal drugs. In the long run will only add to their problems.
Technical Practice
To relax the muscles learn to recognize when your muscles are tight, as this will help you control stress reactions. This can be practiced consciously relax problem areas. If time is short, you can use exercise to a group of muscles, help as shoulders. Keep your eyes closed throughout, and breathe slowly with abdominal muscles.
* To prepare for the exercise, be aware of how your muscles in a relaxed and when you stretch. Try to imagine the tension disappear as you relax each muscle.
* Yawn, then release. Moose closely, and release. Frowning grind your eyes and nose, then release. Frowning, then relax all the muscles of the face.
* Raise your shoulders up to your ears. Hold for a few seconds and then lower still. Repeat 2-3 times. To solve the neck muscles, gently move your head from one side to the other.
* Tighten and relax the muscles of the abdomen, then turn each buttock. Press and release the right fist, all the muscles in the arms. Repeat with the left arm.
* Tighten the muscles of his right leg, hold for a few seconds, then release. Tense and let the calf muscles and thighs. Repeat with the left foot and leg.
PREVENTION
Reduce stress if you have a lot of stress are the following steps will help you the causes and deal with them and feel healthier as a result.
* Note in 2-3 weeks, you. The situations in which you felt under pressure and when the stress is made worse or better than normal Think about how you might react differently to feel more in control. Ask your family what to do in similar situations.
* Always Accept that there are thing you cannot control, such as hold-up of traffic on the way to work.
* Organize and prioritize your time. Do what is important first. Anticipate delays and reduce their other commitments at this time.
* Identify the tasks seem too big to tackle all at once. Use a list and check the tasks to complete.
* Did not have realistic expectations in the tasks that they feel unable to do, or do not participate. Delegate in the situation. Do not feel guilty if things go wrong or demoralized.
* Take regular breaks during the day when it just look out the window to grab lunch.
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